Universities are such a foundational part of our society today that it’s hard to imagine a world without them. Yet, the very idea of a university—an institution dedicated to higher learning—was pioneered in Europe nearly a millennium ago. These institutions have since evolved tremendously, adapting to new ideas, expanding their fields of study, and embracing modern research methods. Despite the passage of centuries, many of these historic universities continue to thrive and remain influential, attracting students from around the globe.
Here, we explore the oldest universities in ten European countries, each a living testament to the enduring legacy of learning.
Italy: University of Bologna (1088)
The University of Bologna is not only the oldest university in Europe but also the oldest in the world. Founded in 1088, it even originated the term "university" (from the Latin "universitas"). Initially focused on legal studies, Bologna has diversified its academic offerings and produced notable alumni, including several popes, the astronomer Copernicus, the poet Dante, and even car manufacturer Enzo Ferrari.
England: University of Oxford (1096) and University of Cambridge (1209)
Oxford, founded in 1096, holds the title of the oldest university in England and the entire United Kingdom. Its renowned rival, Cambridge, was established in 1209 after a group of Oxford scholars moved to Cambridge following disputes in their home city. Today, these two institutions rank among the world’s most prestigious and continue to lead in research and education.
Scotland: University of St Andrews (1410-1413)
The University of St Andrews, Scotland’s oldest, was established between 1410 and 1413, about 50 years after the conclusion of the second Scottish War of Independence. While its initial curriculum focused on theology and philosophy, it now offers a wide range of programs across various fields, making it one of the UK’s most respected universities.
France: University of Paris (around 1150)
Founded around 1150, the University of Paris—commonly known as the Sorbonne—is one of Europe’s most storied institutions. Initially a private corporation, it later became a chartered university. Although the original Sorbonne no longer exists in its traditional form, it lives on through 13 separate institutions created after student revolts in the 1960s.
Portugal: University of Coimbra (1290)
Portugal’s oldest university, the University of Coimbra, was founded in Lisbon in 1290 before eventually settling in Coimbra. This institution’s influence extends beyond Portugal’s borders; it is the namesake of the Coimbra Group, an association of long-established European research universities, many of which are featured in this list.
Austria: University of Vienna (1365)
Established in 1365, the University of Vienna is both the oldest university in the German-speaking world and Austria’s largest, with over 90,000 students. Known for its high academic standards, it frequently ranks as Austria’s top university and has a storied reputation in humanities, sciences, and research.
Germany: Heidelberg University (1386)
Germany’s oldest university, Heidelberg University, was founded in 1386 in the quaint town of Heidelberg, located between Frankfurt and Stuttgart. With 30,000 students—around a fifth of the town’s population—Heidelberg has produced more than 30 Nobel laureates and is celebrated for its contributions to research and innovation.
Sweden: Uppsala University (1477)
Sweden’s Uppsala University, established in 1477, was the first university in Scandinavia, reflecting the spread of the concept of higher learning from southern Europe to the north. Situated in Uppsala, a city just north of Stockholm, it is known for its vibrant student life and remains a cornerstone of Swedish academic culture.
Denmark: University of Copenhagen (1479)
Founded just two years after Uppsala, the University of Copenhagen is Denmark’s oldest university. This prestigious institution counts luminaries such as philosopher Søren Kierkegaard and Nobel-winning physicist Niels Bohr among its alumni, and it continues to be Denmark’s largest and most renowned university.
Lithuania: Vilnius University (1579)
Rounding out our list is Vilnius University, established in 1579. The oldest university in Lithuania—and the entire Baltic region—Vilnius University has a nearly 500-year history, standing as a beacon of learning and culture for the region.
The Legacy of Europe’s Oldest Universities
These historic universities are more than just centers of learning; they are living institutions where the past and present converge. Each has adapted to the demands of modern education while preserving a legacy of intellectual and cultural influence that continues to inspire students worldwide. Today, they remain some of the most esteemed institutions, reminding us that while innovation is essential, tradition can still hold great power.